About the Textbook

The present publication is mainly an exam-oriented booklet, which can give the students of political science a good analysis and treatment of the topic, a basic knowledge of the primary material, a logical development of ideas, and a clear expression on the constitutional process in India.  

As a matter of fact, this textbook is based on the academic syllabus (po-c 3: constitutional process in India) of the department of politics & public administration of Pune university (DPPAPU) for the post graduate students of the same discipline.

Therefore, according to the syllabus, for the purpose of exam, the following issues are discussed in brief:  nature of the Indian constitution: achievements of the constituent assembly --- democracy and active state; fundamental rights and directive principles: judiciary and fundamental rights, individual and group rights. Relations between fundamental rights and directive principles; federalism: strong center framework; centre-state relations - sarkaria commission recommendations; executive: president and prime minister; role of governor; legislature: role of the parliament, committee system, office of the speaker, the idea of electoral reforms; and, judiciary: judicial activism.

As pointed earlier, the present textbook is a useful study especially for the post graduate students of DPPAPU. In fact, from 2004 till today (2009) this booklet, in the form of notes, has been referred to by many foreign (postgraduate) students particularly the Iranians in the aforementioned department, as well as, in the SP College (affiliated to the university of Pune). And, it can be used by students until major changes emerge in the syllabus.     

The method of collecting these materials are mainly based on the lectures of Rajeshwari Deshpande (a PhD and a reader at DPPAPU) during the academic year of 2004 when I myself was a post graduate (2004-2006) student of  DPPAPU in India. However, equally important for the collection of materials are the different references, which have been mentioned in the end of the textbook.

 Ahmad Reza Taheri

©All Rights Reserved  

Lulu Online Publication

ISBN #: 978-0-557-19154-3

Printed in India by Ajay Copiers, Pune - 411016, India.

June-2009

About the Book

This book is divided into nineteen sections; each of them deals with various topics on business. Four major themes of the book are concerned with a primary study of industry, commerce, marketing, and business communication.

At first, the book explains an introduction of business. What is the concept of business and how business is different from other closely associated terms such as trade and commerce? What are the major objectives of business?

Secondly, it goes on to industry. It explains industrial classification, components of industry, and industrial process.

Thirdly, it focuses on commerce and its important role, and then on commercial functions and electronic commerce.

Fourthly, concept of marketing, marketing mix, business organizations, and commercial correspondence are debated in brief.  

Finally, the book ends with the different types of business letters and a number of sample letters.

This book is especially designed for a primary and general understanding of business. Therefore, everything is directed towards providing reader with a primary study of business.

The present book is based entirely on library work. The material for this book was collected from secondary sources and references while staying in Pakistan (1997-2002) as a student of commerce during my post-graduation (M.Com) in the Department of Commerce, University of Sindh.

Ahmad Reza Taheri

Pune – India

09-01-2007

www.ahmadrezataheri.org

Title of the book: Business: Introduction & Concept

Author: Ahmad Reza Taheri

Publisher: Nashr-e Roosta

Quantity: 1000

First Edition: 2001 – Printing House of Sistan & Balochistan University – Zahedan - Iran. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission in writing of the author.

16000 Rials 

ISBN: 964-93423-0-3

 www.ahmadrezataheri.org

درباره کتاب

جامعه شناسی روستایی جزء یکی از تخصصهای رشته علوم اجتماعی یا علوم انسانی بشمار میرود. یکی از مهمترین مسائلی که میبایست دولت بدان توجه نماید بحث توسعه روستایی است. در کشورهای توسعه نیافته یا در حال توسعه به علت عدم اجرای برنامه ریزی صحیح در ارتقاء سطح کیفی زندگی مردم مهاجرت روستائیان به شهرها به طور قابل ملاحظه ای افزایش یافته است که موجبات رشد شهرنشینی و بروز مسائل و ناهنجاریهای روانی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی را فراهم آورده است.

بررسی علل مهاجرت روستائیان به شهرها که موجبات رکود اقتصادی بخصوص در بخشهای کشاورزی و دامداری را فراهم می آورد و راهکارهای رشد و توسعه روستایی، قطعا نیاز به تحقیقات وسیع دارد که میتواند دولت را در برنامه ریزی و سیاستگذاریهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی جامعه روستایی یاری نماید.

نگاهی مختصر به جامعه شناسی روستایی ایران حاصل گرد آوری مطالب مختلف در طول یک ترم تدریس در دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شهرستان سراوان میباشد. برای تهیه "نگاهی مختصر به جامعه شناسی روستایی ایران" از چندین منابع درسی همانطور که در پایان نیز اشاره شده، استفاده شده است. منابع مورد استفاده شده در این کتابچه در واقع شامل کتابهایی هستند که اکثر دانشگاهها یا مراکز آموزش عالی ایران جهت تدریس در رشته مربوطه به آنها مراجعه میکنند.

همچنین فهرست بندی این کتابچه بر اساس برنامه درسی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سراوان، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان طراحی شده که در اصل برای دانشجویان ترم اول دوره کارشناسی کشاورزی تنظیم شده است. در این کتابچه به مطالب بطور ساده و خلاصه پرداخته شده بطوریکه عموم مردم بتوانند جهت ارتقاء اطلاعات عمومی خود در رابطه با جامعه روستایی ایران از این کتابچه استفاده نمایند.

لازم به ذکر است که کتابچه حاضر به مفهوم کامل بودن مطالب نمیباشد بلکه در این کتابچه بطور مختصر به مسائلی چون طبقات، قشرها، و گروههای اجتماعی، علل و ریشه های اصلاحات ارضی، جامعه روستایی ایران پس از اصلاحات ارضی تا زمان انقلاب اسلامی، پیدایش شرکتهای تعاونی بعنوان نظام های جدید بهره برداری از زمین، خانواده روستایی و نقش زن و مرد، اصلاحات ارضی بعد از انقلاب اسلامی، پیدایش زندگی کوچ نشینی و تعاریف و دیدگاه های مطرح در رابطه با کوچ نشینی، پراکندگی کوچ نشینان در جهان و ایران، نقش عشایر ایران در تاریخ معاصر و فرهنگ کشور، چگونگی کوچ در بین عشایر ایران و مشکلات عشایر ایران، و در پایان، به راهکارهای مطلوب جهت حمایت و  کمک به جامعه عشایری ایران، پرداخته شده است.

احمد رضا طاهری

چهارشنبه بیست و هفتم آذر 1387

پونا، هندوستان

www.ahmadrezataheri.org

ABOUT THE BOOK 

It goes without saying that cultivation of the soil, growing and harvesting crops, and breeding and raising livestock, dairying, and forestry, all in all, are among the major signs of a rural society. In other words, agriculture is the major occupation of the rural society.

Although agriculture historically was the most important sector of Iran’s economy, its share of the gross domestic product (GDP) has been declining since the 1930s due to the rise of manufacturing.

Iran’s agricultural sector contributed 12 percent of the GDP in 2002 and employed 23 percent (1996) of the labor force. Unfortunately, the total agricultural production fails to meet domestic food requirements, making substantial imports necessary.

As a matter of fact, a major blow to the agricultural set up of Iran was the dictated policy of Land Reforms which was executed by Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Since then agriculture failed to stand on its own feet, and hence gradually it began to produce its direct or indirect effects not only over the Iranian rural society rather on the entire economy.

This book deals with a brief outline of Iran's Rural Sociology. It is classified into sixteen headings which discusses the following issues in brief.

Firstly, it explains a short history about the emergence of rural sociology as a discipline. It defines rural sociology, its relation with other disciplines, and its emergence in Iran as a field of study. The booklet also focuses on the aims and objectives of rural sociology and the role of rural sociologists.

Secondly, it describes different rural classes and social groups in Iran, as well as, explains the characteristics of rural family and the role of rural man and woman within the family. It also touches upon the issue of rural social norms and social institutions such as marriage and polygamy. The role of rural people in the contemporary history of Iran, as well as, their typical culture is also taken into account.

Thirdly, what are the roots and causes of land reforms in Iran and how was the situation within the rural society of Iran before and after the land reforms till the Islamic revolution of 1979. It also explains land reforms policy in post-Islamic revolution.

Fourthly, the booklet highlights some major problems of the Iranian rural society such as poverty which is a major social matter in Iran, though the government provides low-income families with various subsidies for food, fuel, and utilities. Or for instance, health care services which remain inadequate in rural areas.

Finally, it gives a number of suggestions to overcome the problems related to the rural society of Iran. 

Ahmad Reza Taheri

Published in December 2008

Pune – India

www.ahmadrezataheri.org